IB0012-Management of Multinational Corporations

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Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 3

IB0012-Management of Multinational Corporations-4 Credits

(Book ID: B1906)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answer all questions must be written within 300 to 400 words each. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60.

Q1. What are the benefits of MNCs to home and host countries?

Answer. Following are the main features of MNCs:

Ø  Location – MNCs has their headquarters in home countries and have their operational division spread across foreign countries to minimize the cost.

Ø  Capital Assets – Major portion of the capital assets of the parent company is owned by the citizens of the company’s home country.

Ø  Board of Directors – Majority of the members of the Board of Directors are citizens of the home country.

Ø  MNCs are large - sized corporation and exercise a great degree of economic dominance.

Q2. What do you understand by global sourcing? What are the different forms of global sourcing? Elucidate.

Answer. Global Sourcing

A procurement strategy in which a business seeks to find the most cost efficient location for manufacturing a product, even if the location is in a foreign country. For example, if a toy manufacturer finds that manufacturing and delivery costs are lower in a foreign country due to lower wages of foreign employees, the company might close the domestic factory and use a foreign manufacturer. Global sourcing generally refers to sourcing outside of a company's traditional market. Two quite different strategic

Q3. What is the need and importance of global strategy for MNCs?

Answer. ‘Global Strategy’ is a shortened term that covers three areas: global, multinational and international strategies. Essentially, these three areas refer to those strategies designed to enable an organisation to achieve its objective of international expansion.

To create a successful global strategy, managers first must understand the nature of the global industries and the dynamics of global competitions.

Q4. How is the performance of employees assessed and appraised in multinational corporations? Explain in brief.

Answer. Organizations have indentified the importance of performance appraisal and it has been found in the cases of all big multinational companies that they have implemented the performance appraisal systems to enhance the productivity of their employees. There are varieties of different perspectives that evident the importance of performance management and its measurement (Whitney, 1994). Organization should present true and fair views of performance appraisal to gain trust of the employees, their loyalty and job satisfaction are the main core of any organizational success. So, it results in counter of an organization that employees are demoralized and also lose their loyalty, which affects the organizational

Q5. What are the main reasons pertaining to the inadequate attention towards issues relating to labour relations in MNCs?

Answer. Following are the Key Issues in International Industrial Relations (IIR)

Issue 1: Who should handle Labour Relations – Headquarter or the subsidiary in the concerned country the national dissimilarities in economics, political, and legal systems create diverse labour-relations system across countries, MNCs HQs typically delegate the control over labour relations to their foreign subsidiaries. Having said that, the participation of the MNC headquarters in host-country labour relations is impacted by 4 key elements:

Q6. Write short notes on:

a. Indian MNCs

b. FDI and MNC

Answer. a. A multinational company or corporation (MNC) is a company that manages its operations, production or service delivery 'from' and 'to' more than one country. Apart from playing an important role in globalization and international relations, these multinational companies even have notable influence on a country's economy (both home and host) as well as the world economy.

 As far as India is concerned, a number of multinational companies have shown interest in the Indian market. It is obvious that foreign companies come and settle in India to earn profit. As India has a wide

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IB0011-International Marketing

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Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 3

IB0011-International Marketing

(Book ID: B1811)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answer all questions must be written within 300 to 400 words each. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60.

Q1. The orientation of a company’s top management, its beliefs and assumptions significantly impact its approach to international marketing. Discuss the concept of EPRG framework.

Answer. Management orientations

The form and substance of a company’s response to global business opportunities depend greatly on management’s assumptions or beliefs –both conscious and unconscious – about the nature of the world. The worldview of a company’s personnel can be described as ethnocentric, polycentric, regiocentric, and geocentric. Management at a company with a prevailing ethnocentric orientation may consciously make a decision to move in the direction of geocentricism.

Q2. Hofstede’s cultural classification helps in understanding the cultural diversity. Discuss the 4 dimensions with examples.

Answer. Importance of culture in international marketing

Culture is the way that we do things around here. Culture could relate to a country (national culture), a distinct section of the community (sub-culture), or an organization (corporate culture). It is widely accepted that you are not born with a culture, and that it is learned. So, culture includes all that we have learned in relation to values and norms, customs and traditions, beliefs and religions, rituals and artifacts (i.e. tangible symbols of a culture, such as the Sydney Opera House or the Great Wall of China).

Q3. How are the international markets segmented on the basis of development?

Answer. International marketing research

International Market Research is a particular discipline of Market Research, focusing on certain geographical areas. International Market Research is concerned with consumer goods, but also with any resource or service within a value chain which will be commercially utilized or further processed – which is the area of industrial goods and B2B-Marketing. International market research projects may have various objectives and purposes.

Q4. Differentiate between national and international products, global and standardized products with examples.

Answer. Product adaptations (also called differentiation or localization or customization) come in several forms. Marketing strategies in a country- by-country basis are tailored with the peculiarities of the local market. By this, product adaptations are considered as necessary strategy in order to cater to the different needs of customers in various countries. Following the concept of “logical incremental ism”, it can be argued that continual changes can foster flexibility and experimentally.

Q5. Write short notes on:

a) Containerization

b) 4 PL operators

Answer. The benefits of containerization take place over three main dimensions:

• Transport costs. The main transports costs benefits of containerization are jointly the outcome of lower transshipment costs and economies of scale applied to maritime shipping and terminal operations. Since containerized cargo is subject to less damage as well as lower theft levels, insurance rates are generally lower. Another significant benefit is that the container itself becomes the minimal load unit, implying that a wider range of exporters and importers can get access to international markets as the minimal entry unit, a single container load, becomes affordable.

Q6. Choose a product and explain how you will prepare seven steps in a global e-marketing plan?

Answer. Choosing the product

Before breaking into the foreign market, marketers must consider factors that influence product adoption. As explained by Diffusion Theory at least six factors have a bearing on the adoption process: relative advantage, compatibility, trainability/divisibility, observability, complexity and price. These factors are all perceptual and thus subjective in nature. For a product to gain acceptance it must demonstrate its relative advantage over existing alternatives. A product must also be compatible with local customs and habits. A freezer would not find a ready market in Asia where people prefer fresh food. A new product should also

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IB0010-International Financial Management

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Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 3

IB0010-International Financial Management

(Book ID: B1759)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answer all questions must be written within 300 to 400 words each. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60

Q1. Discuss the goals of international financial management.

Answer. International Financial Management is a well known term in today’s world and it is also known as international finance. It means financial management in an international business environment. It is different because of different currency of different countries, dissimilar political situations, imperfect markets, diversified opportunity sets. A business organization is organic in nature, and its successful growth depends on the financial efficiencies of operations and strategies. Therefore, the primary goals of financial management dwell on both short-term and long-term activities that seek to maximize value creation from scarce financial resources.

Q2. In foreign exchange market many types of transactions take place. Discuss the meaning and role of forward, future and options market.

Answer. Forward market:  In the forward market, contracts are made to buy and sell currencies for future delivery, say, after a fortnight, one month, two months and so on. The rate of exchange for the transaction is agreed upon on the very day the deal is finalized. The rate of exchange for the transaction is agreed upon on the very day the deal is finalized. The forward rates with varying maturity are quoted in the newspapers and those rates form the basis of the contract. Both parties have to abide by the contract at the exchange rate mentioned therein irrespective of whether the spot rate on the maturity date resembles

Q3. Thousands of years back the concept of bartering between parties was prevalent, when the concept of money had not evolved. Explain on counter trade with examples.

Answer. Trading between nations has been happening since time began. In ancient time nations traded silk, spices, cloth and animals of all kinds. Today nation trade food items, defense equipment, metals, electronics etc. The products might have changed but the basic concept is still the same as the underlining need which brings together two nations in a trade relationship still exists. One such method of trading between nations is called counter trade. Counter trade is an import / export relationship between nations or large companies in which good and/or services are exchanged for goods and services instead of money.

Q4. There are different techniques of exposure management. One is the Managing Transaction Exposure and the other one is the managing operating exposure. So you have to explain on both Managing Transaction Exposure and Managing Operating Exposure.

Answer. Transaction Exposure

The risk, faced by companies involved in international trade, those currency exchange rates will change after the companies have already entered into financial obligations. Such exposure to fluctuating exchange rates can lead to major losses for firms.

Q5. There is a country risk involved every time an MNC operates in a different country. Discuss the two approaches to country risk management.

Answer. There are two approaches to country risk management.

1. Defensive approach: In this approach, the company tries to protect its interest by finding those aspects of the company that are beyond the reach of the host government. This reduces the firm’s dependence on the host country and the government of the host country. The important strategies in the functional areas of the company are discussed as follows:

Q6. Write short note on:

a. American Depository Receipts (ADR)

b. Portfolio

Answer. a. American Depository Receipts (ADR)

An American depositary receipt (ADR and sometimes spelled depository) is a negotiable security that represents securities of a non-U.S. company that trades in the U.S. financial markets.

Shares of many non-U.S. companies trade on U.S. stock exchanges through ADRs, which are denominated and pay dividends in U.S. dollars and may be traded like regular shares of stock. ADRs are also traded during U.S. trading hours, through U.S. broker-dealers. They simplify investing in foreign securities by

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PM0018-Contracts Management in Projects

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Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 4

PM0018-Contracts Management in Projects

(Book ID: B2014)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answer all questions must be written within 300 to 400 words each. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60.

Q1. Explain the essential elements of a project contract.

Answer. Essential elements of project contract:-

1. Aim of project - The aim of the project is a mixture of the reasons for doing the project and the benefits that are expected from it. This section of the plan can be either fulfilled by linking to the main business case, or by restating it in language for the expected audience.

Q2. Explain the steps involved in the contract closure process. (Explain the EIGHT steps involved in the contract closure process)

Answer. Step 1:  Determining who Responsible is for Contract Closeout

a. The first step in contract closeout is to determine who is responsible for closing out the contract.  Check the “Administrated By” block on the latest modification, or if no modifications, the contract award form, to determine which office is responsible for administering and closing out the contract

Q3. What is an outsourcing contract? What is its key content?

Answer. Outsourcing contracts can be complex affairs, but a good outsourcing contract will examine service level agreements, penalties and rewards, timeframes and measurements, regular reviews, and exit strategies.

Outsourcing itself can cover any or all IT system operations, with some organisations choosing to outsource their whole IT requirements. The sorts of operations that are often outsourced include the running of desktop and server applications, business processes, backup and recovery, customer services

Q4. Discuss the process of procurement.

Answer. Generally, the procurement process involves six broad stages. These can help agencies check their procurement activity against best practice recommendations. This process is common to all categories of procurement. The relative importance of the different stages within the process will depend on the size and type of procurement activity being proposed.

Q5. What is contract management? Describe its important features.

Answer. Contract management is the process of managing contract creation, execution and analysis to maximize operational and financial performance at an organization, all while reducing financial risk. Organizations encounter an ever-increasing amount of pressure to reduce costs and improve company performance. Contract management proves to be a very time-consuming element of business, which facilitates the need for effective and automated contract management system.

Q6. Write short notes on:

• Software development agreements

• Bill of quantities method of pricing project contracts

• Reasons for why an organization uses standard form of contract

• Post bid review

Answer. a. A written software development agreement is key to getting the product you want (if you are the client), getting paid (if you are the developer), preventing disputes, and providing ways to solve problems if they develop. And, if the parties end up in court, it establishes their respective legal duties.

It typically comprises of a non-exclusive license to use the software and includes provisions whereby

(1) a copy of the source code is kept with an escrow agent for release to the customer should the programmer (or vendor) fail to comply with terms of the software development, and

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PM0017-Project Quality Management

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Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 4

PM0017-Project Quality Management

(Book ID: B2013)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answer all questions must be written within 300 to 400 words each. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60.

Q1. Write short notes on:

(a) Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle

(b) Product quality standards

(c) Inputs to quality assurance process

Answer. a. The plan–do–check–act cycle is a four–step model for carrying out change. Just as a circle has no end, the PDCA cycle should be repeated again and again for continuous improvement.

Plan–Do–Check–Act Procedure:

Ø  Plan. Recognize an opportunity and plan a change.

Ø  Do. Test the change. Carry out a small-scale study.

Ø  Check. Review the test, analyze the results and identify what you’ve learned.

Q2. Explain the process of quality control.

Answer. Quality control (QC) is a procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure that a manufactured product or performed service adheres to a defined set of quality criteria or meets the requirements of the client or customer.

The quality control process is divided into three separate processes, ensuring that specialized expertise is applied to each stage of our operation.

Q3. Write a note on tree diagram, an advanced quality management tool.

Answer. The tree diagram starts with one item that branches into two or more, each of which branch into two or more, and so on. It looks like a tree, with trunk and multiple branches. It is used to break down broad categories into finer and finer levels of detail. Developing the tree diagram helps you move your thinking step by step from generalities to specifics.

A tree diagram is a visual depiction of relationships that starts with a central node, or "trunk." This is the problem that needs solving or the idea you are analyzing. Each possible solution or event has its own

Q4. Explain the cycle time flowchart tool that can be used to analyse project processes.

Answer. A cycle time flowchart accounts for all activities and time required from the start point to the stop point of a process. The intent of using this tool is to identify non-value-adding activities, bottlenecks, excessive loops, approvals, and delays. The flowchart is constructed by a team that owns the process. Participants have a good understanding of the activities and therefore are best suited to collectively produce the cycle time of the overall process.

Q5. Discuss the role of training and development in project quality.

Answer. Training and development provides both the company as a whole and the individual employees with benefits that make the cost and time a worthwhile investment.

Addressing Weaknesses

Most employees have some weaknesses in their workplace skills. A training program allows you to strengthen those skills that each employee needs to improve. A development program brings all employees to a higher level so they all have similar skills and knowledge. This helps reduce any weak links within the company who rely heavily on others to complete basic work tasks. Providing the necessary

Q6. What are the issues in quality control in construction?

Answer. Quality control is the part of quality management that ensures products and service comply with requirements. It is a work method that facilitates the measurement of the quality characteristics of a unit, compares them with the established standards, and analyses the differences between the results obtained and the desired results in order to make decisions which will correct any differences.

Technical specifications define the type of controls that must be carried out to ensure the construction works are carried out correctly. They include not only products materials, but also the execution and

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PM0016-Project Risk Management

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Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 4

PM0016-Project Risk Management

(Book ID: B2012)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answer all questions must be written within 300 to 400 words each. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60.

Q1. Describe the various types of project risks.

Answer. Project risk management is a project management activity that involves identifying, assessing, measuring, documenting, communicating, avoiding, mitigating, transferring, accepting, controlling and managing risk. The process of identifying risks is intuitive for experienced project managers. The following types of risks (risk categories) should be enough to stimulate your creativity.

a counterparty risk. You've replaced a series of project execution risks with a series of procurement risks.

Q2. Explain the different types of probability distributions in risk analysis.

Answer. A probability distribution gathers together all possible outcomes of a random variable (i.e. any quantity for which more than one value is possible), and summarizes these outcomes by indicating the probability of each of them. While a probability distribution is often associated with the bell-shaped curve, recognize that such a curve is only indicative of one specific type of probability, the so-called normal

Q3. How is the impact of a qualitative risk assessed?

Answer. Risk impact assessment is the process of assessing the probabilities and consequences of risk events if they are realized. The results of this assessment are then used to prioritize risks to establish a most-to-least-critical importance ranking. Ranking risks in terms of their criticality or importance provides insights to the project's management on where resources may be needed to manage or mitigate the realization of high probability/high consequence risk events.

Q4. Explain the steps in risk management planning.

Answer. All risk management processes follow the same basic steps, although sometimes different jargon is used to describe these steps. Together these 5 risk management process steps combine to deliver a simple and effective risk management process.

Step 1: Identify the Risk. You and your team uncover, recognize and describe risks that might affect your project or its outcomes. There are a number of techniques you can use to find project risks. During this step you start to prepare your Project Risk Register.

Q5. What are the sources of schedule risk?

Answer. Schedule risks

1. Delays

2. Dependencies

3. Estimates

1. Delay risks

Delay risk represents over half of the schedule risks, and nearly a sixth of all the risks in the PERIL database. Impact from delays was lower on average than for other risks, slightly less than three weeks.

Q6. Write short notes on:

(a) Tools for analysing project constraints

(b) Project status report

(c) Types of project audits based on method of conducting the audit.

Answer. a. Tools:-

1. Critical path method (CPM) is an algorithm for scheduling a set of project activities in a straight line.

2. Critical chain project management is a method of planning and managing projects that emphasizes the resources required to execute project tasks.

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PM0015-Quantitaive Methods in Project Management

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Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 4

PM0015-Quantitaive Methods in Project Management

(Book ID: B2011)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answer all questions must be written within 300 to 400 words each. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60.

Q1. Write short notes on:

(a) Kano model

(b) Differences between a sponsor’s view and project’s view in a project balance sheet

(c) Triangular distribution

(d) Organisational break down structure

Answer. (a) The Kano model is more narrowly focused than the former two models discussed. Named after Dr. Noviashi Kano the model is aimed at capturing the voice of the customer for requirement for products and service. Originally conceived in the 1970’s as a quality tools for obtaining a good match of customer need and product features and function, project managers can apply this tool not only for grading requirements but also for evaluating budget allocations and priorities, and for assessing qualitative

Q2. Discuss capitals budgeting in project management.

Answer. Capital budgeting, or investment appraisal, is the planning process used to determine whether an organization's long term investments such as new machinery, replacement machinery, new plants, new products, and research development projects are worth the funding of cash through the firm's capitalization structure (debt, equity or retained earnings). It is the process of allocating resources for major capital, or investment, expenditures. One of the primary goals of capital budgeting investments is to increase the value of the firm to the shareholders.

Q3. Write short notes on:

(a) Rolling wave planning

(b) Time centric earned value

Answer. a. Rolling Wave Planning is the process of project planning in waves as the project proceeds and later details become clearer. Work to be done in the near term is based on high level assumptions; also, high level milestones are set. As the project progresses, the risks, assumptions, and milestones originally identified become more defined and reliable. One would use Rolling Wave Planning in an instance where there is an extremely tight schedule or timeline to adhere to; whereas more thorough planning would

Q4. Describe the various cost incurred in a project. Describe the applications of three - point estimates.

Answer.  Various Costs:

1. Direct cost

Direct costs are those directly linked to doing the work of the project. For example, this could include hiring specialized contractors, buying software licenses or commissioning your new building.

2

Q5. Explain the six sigma methodologies.

Answer. Six Sigma has two key methodologies:

DMAIC: It refers to a data-driven quality strategy for improving processes. This methodology is used to improve an existing business process.

DMADV: It refers to a data-driven quality strategy for designing products & processes. This methodology is

Q6. Discuss the time and materials contract.

Solve the following problem

Consider a time and materials contract as follows:

Labour is billed according to the following schedule

1 software engineer: $45/hr

1 tester: $ 45/hr

1 senior software engineer: $65/hr

Material is billed according to the following schedule:

Cost of materials + 30 % profit/overhead

Actual cost of the material is $2140

Calculate the material cost, calculate the contract payable.

Answer.

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