PM0012-Project Finance and Budgeting

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Master of Business Administration - MBA Semester 3

PM0012-Project Finance and Budgeting

(Book ID: B1938)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60.

Q1. Write short notes on:

Ø  Key project resources

Ø  Three main requirements of funding a project through project finance

Ø  Medium term financing for projects

Ø  Bottom up estimation for creating project budget.

Answer. Key Projects resources:

Manpower: It refers to a set of individuals (employees) having specified skills, knowledge, and expertise to carry out different project activities. Manpower is one of the most precious assets of any organisation without which not a single project can be carried out.

Q2. What is off take contract? Explain the various types of off take contracts.

Answer. 'Off take Agreement'

An agreement between a producer of a resource and a buyer of a resource to purchase/sell portions of the producer's future production. An off take agreement is normally negotiated prior to the construction of a facility such as a mine in order to secure a market for the future output of the facility. If lenders can see the company will have a purchaser of its production, it makes it easier to obtain financing to construct a facility.

Q3. Explain the different key project documents.

Answer. Project management can create a lot of paperwork, and it’s not always the stuff you want or need. Let’s talk about the essentials. Here are nine documents that no self-respecting project should be without.

1. The business case

This is the document that kicks off the whole project. It’s written to explain why the project should happen and it summarizes the problem that the project is going to solve. It should be comprehensive and persuasive with enough detail to justify the investment required for the project.

Q4. Write short notes on:

Ø  Project parties in a construction project

Ø  Types of working capital

Ø  Project cash flows

Ø  Payback period method used to evaluate an investment on a project

Answer. Project parties in a construction project

Project parties refer to individuals or entities that are directly or indirectly involved in a project. Turner (1931), author of “The handbook of Project- Based Management”, identified and underlined certain characteristics of people or organisations that can act as project parties. These

Q5. What are the problems associated with BOOT projects.

Answer. Build, Own, Operate, Transfer (BOOT)

A BOOT funding model involves a single organisation, or consortium (BOOT provider) designing, building, funding, owning and operating the scheme for a defined period of time and then transferring this ownership across to an agreed party.

Customers enter into long term supply contracts with the BOOT operator and are charged accordingly for the service delivered. The service charge includes capital and operating cost recovery and project profit.

Q6. Explain the different types of management contracts (a type of PPP).

Answer. PPPs broadly refer to long term, contractual partnerships between the public and private sector agencies, specially targeted towards financing, designing, implementing, and operating infrastructure facilities and services that were traditionally provided by the Government and/or its agencies. These collaborative ventures are built around the expertise and capacity of the project partners and are based on a contractual agreement, which ensures appropriate and mutually agreed allocation of resources, risks, and returns. This approach of developing and operating public utilities and infrastructure by the private sector under terms and conditions agreeable to both the government and the private sector is called PPP.

Types of PPP:

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PM0011-Project Planning and Scheduling

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Master of Business Administration - MBA Semester 3

PM0011-Project Planning and Scheduling

(Book ID: B1937)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60.

Q1. Write short note on:

Ø  Project deliverables

Ø  Project Rating Index(PRI)

Ø  Scope change control

Ø  Partnering

Answer. Project Deliverables:

In project management, a deliverable is a product or service that is given to your client. A deliverable usually has a due date and is tangible, measurable and specific. A deliverable can be given to either an external or internal customer and satisfies a milestone or due date that is created and produced in the project plan. A deliverable can be a software product, a design

Q2. Budget Estimation of ABC Company Ltd.

ABC Company Ltd., established in 1985, is engaged in the manufacturing of leather accessories. Over the years, the company, which started out as a local firm, has made its mark as an international corporation. However, the company is still working as a traditional set up.

The high quality and durability of products have increased the demand of the products in the market. As the production of the organisation is being increased to meet the demand, the traditional set up is creating hurdles in the production process.

Organisation conflicts have arisen among the team members because of the unorganized hierarchical structure of the company, which is affecting the output of the organisation. Now that the management has decided to expand the business and opened up branches abroad, the company is facing two more problems. The first problem is in budgeting as the company is unfamiliar with international market conditions, strategy, and business policy while the second problem is conflicts at the time of team formation due to lack of experience of and exposure to multinational work culture, which has further affected the output of the company.

The company can estimate the budget through two methods, the bottom - up approach and the top - down approach. The bottom -up approach is generally followed by the MNCs as it is more accurate and reliable.

Mr.Parag has been appointed as the country head of the company and he has also been assigned the responsibility of incorporating the advanced project set up in the organisation.

Questions:

1. Which project estimation approach should be used by the company and why?

2. What type of project organisation structure should be used by the company and why?

Answer. 1. Bottom-up estimating (also called detail or resource-driven estimating)

The estimator breaks a project into distinct line items, and then breaks those line items into smaller, distinct line items, and so on, until he or she arrives at the component (or resource) level – the level of detail at which the price of the components is relatively consistent across projects.

Q3. What is the importance of operational feasibility? Explain the factors that affect operational feasibility.

Answer. Operational feasibility is as important as technical feasibility (or any other kind of feasibility for that matter), and yet it can be the first thing to get brushed under the carpet. The conversation changes and that ‘intelligent system’ everyone was discussing is transformed back into a mere ‘thing’: a deliverable to drop into the organisation. We’ll find out later if we can make it happen; if we can weave it into departments and hearts as successfully as we can plug it into software platforms.

Q4. Write short notes on

Ø  Monte Carlo analysis

Ø  Work break down structure

Ø  Resource loading

Ø  Definitive estimate (a method to estimate cost of a project).

Answer. Monte Carlo analysis:

Monte Carlo simulation is a method for exploring the sensitivity of a complex system by varying parameters within statistical constraints. These systems can include financial, physical, and mathematical models that are simulated in a loop, with statistical uncertainty between simulations. The results from the simulation are analyzed to determine the characteristics of the system.                      

Q5. What do you understand by cost of quality? Elaborate on various types of costs of quality associated with a project.

Answer. Cost of Quality:

The “cost of quality” isn’t the price of creating a quality product or service. It’s the cost of NOT creating a quality product or service.

Every time work is redone, the cost of quality increases. Obvious examples include:

Ø  The reworking of a manufactured item.

Ø  The retesting of an assembly

Ø  The rebuilding of a tool

Ø  The correction of a bank statement

Q6. Explain some of ISO standards that should be considered by the project manager during project execution.

List the advantages of project management software.

Answer. Some of ISO’s most well-known standards are management system standards. They provide a model to follow when setting up and operating a management system. Like all ISO standards, they are the result of international, expert consensus. Therefore, by implementing a management system standard, organizations can benefit from global management experience and good practice.

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PM0010-Introduction to Project Management

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Master of Business Administration - MBA Semester 3

PM0010-Introduction to Project Management

(Book ID: B1936)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60.

Q1. a. Describe the characteristics of a project

b. Explain the triple constraints in project management.

Answer. a. Characteristics of a project

b. Triple Constraints:

All projects are carried out under certain constraints – traditionally, they are cost, time and scope. These three important factors (commonly called "the triple constraint") are often represented as a triangle.

Q2. Write short notes on:

Ø  Project development

Ø  Project organisation

Ø  Factors affecting collection of market-related information

Ø  Term loans as a means of financing projects.

Answer. Project Development is the process that takes a transportation improvement from concept through construction. There are several goals for this process:

Ø  To ensure context sensitivity though an open, consensus-building dialog among project proponents, reviewers, the public, and other parties.

Ø  To foster thinking beyond the roadway pavement to achieve the optimum accommodation for all modes.

Ø  To encourage early planning, public outreach, and evaluation so that project needs, goals and objectives, issues, and impacts can be identified before significant resources are expended.

Q3. Explain the L-M approach of SCBA.

Answer. L-M Approach:

I.M.D Little & J.A.Mirlees have developed this approach for analysis of Social Cost-Benefit in Manual of Industrial Project Analysis in Developing Countries and Project Appraisal & Planning for Developing Countries.

The L.M. Approach to Social Cost has considerable similarity with the UNIDO approach. In the first place, both the approach use shadow (accounting) prices for foreign exchange savings and unskilled labor in particular. Similarly, both consider factor of equity. And finally both the

Q4. Discuss the financing of a power project.

Answer. Project financing is often referred to as “non-recourse” or “limited recourse”. Nonrecourse lending is however inconceivable as it is unlikely that the lending institutions will enter into financing arrangements without some sort of recourse or remedy to the assets of the borrower in the event of a breach. The term is therefore rarely used. The more apt term would be the limited recourse financing, where lenders’ remedies are restricted to the secured assets of the project company only.

Project Finance techniques have been stated to be the best option for the financing of power projects. Some of the possible reasons that explain this are considered below:

1. Project Finance which is sometimes called ‘off-balance sheet financing does exactly what its alternative name implies: it takes the risks off the balance sheet of a company, so that a failure of

Q5. Explain the types of procurement contracts.

Answer. A contract is nothing but a legally binding agreement between two or more parties. Usually one party is known as a buyer and another as a seller. The contract is the key between the buyer and seller relationship. It determines the way they will deal with each other.

Procurement contracts can be broadly divided into three categories:

Ø  Fixed Price Contract

Ø  Cost Reimbursable Contract, and

Ø  Time and Materials

Fixed Price Contract

A Fixed Price Contract is also known as a lump-sum contract. This type of contract is used when there is no uncertainty in the scope of work. Once the contract is signed, the seller is legally bound to complete the task within the agreed amount of money or time. Since the seller has to complete the task within a fixed amount, he bears the risks.

Q6. What is the purpose of project evaluation? Which the four dimensions of the project explain the purpose of project evaluation?

Answer. Purpose:

1. Analyse the process of implementation, focusing on participation of the community

2. Analyse the impact or changes that have occurred within beneficiary households and the community

3. Identify problems and constraints that have been encountered

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MB0053-International Business Management

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Master of Business Administration - MBA Semester 4

MB0053-International Business Management

(Book ID: B1724)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answer all questions must be written within 300 to 400 words each. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60.

Q1. Why is Comparative Cost Theory considered as an improvement upon Absolute Cost Advantage Theory? Explain Porter’s Diamond Model.

Comparative Cost Theory as an improvement on Absolute Cost Advantage Theory

Porter’s Diamond Model

Answer. Comparative Costs theory:

The principle of comparative costs is based on the differences in production costs of similar commodities in different countries. Production costs differ in countries because of geographical division of labour and specialization in production. Due to differences in climate, natural resources, geographical situation and efficiency of labour, a country can produce one commodity at a lower cost than the other.

In this way, each country specializes in the production of that commodity in which its comparative cost of production is the least. Therefore, when a country enters into trade with some other country, it will export those commodities in which its comparative production costs are less, and will import those commodities

Q2. Explain Hofstede’s Cultural dimension.

Answer. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions

Professor Hofstede carried out a detailed study of how values in the workplace are influenced by culture. He worked as a psychologist in IBM from 1967 to 1973. At that time he gathered and analyzed data from many people from several countries. Professor Hofstede established a model using the results of the study which identifies four dimensions to differentiate cultures. Later, a fifth dimension called ‘long-term outlook’ was added.

Q3. “An economic union comprises of a common market and a custom union.” Explain.

Answer. Customs Union

When two or more countries agree to remove (essentially) all restrictions on mutual trade and set up a common system of tariffs and import quotas vis-a-vis non-members, the result is referred to as a CU. The adoption of a common external tariff (CET) and joint quotas necessitates closer co-operation with respect to the sharing of customs revenues collected on non-member imports.

Rules of origin are no longer necessary: when a common external tariff exists, imports into the CU–area face the same tariff in each CU-member country; hence there is no incentive for transshipment of imports between members. The CET effectively creates “destination-neutrality” for imports into the CU.

Q4. Explain the components of International Financial Management.

Answer. An International financial system refers to a system which enables the transfer of money between investors and borrowers from two different nations. A financial system could be defined at an international, regional or organization level. The term “system” in “Financial System” indicates a group of complex and closely linked institutions, agents, procedures, markets, transactions, claims and liabilities within an economy.

Q5. What are the differences between International Accounting Standards and Domestic Accounting Standards?

Answer. Accounting  Standards  are  the  key  mandatory  and  regulatory  mechanisms for  training  on  financial  reports  and  conducting  successful  audit  for  the same.  It is used almost in all countries throughout the world.  They  are concerned  with  the  structure  of  measurement,  rules  for  preparation  and arrangement of financial statements. They emerge as a set of authoritative statements related to exact type of transactions, events, and other costs that are recognized and reported in the financial statements. They are designed to supply practical information to diverse users of the financial statements such as shareholders, creditors, lenders, organisation, investors, suppliers, competitors, researchers, regulatory bodies. These statements are designed and approved to develop and benchmark the quality of

Q6. Explain the key component of International Strategic management.

Answer. Key Components:-

Goal-Setting

The purpose of goal-setting is to clarify the vision for your business. This stage consists of identifying three key facets: First, define both short- and long-term objectives. Second, identify the process of how to accomplish your objective. Finally, customize the process for your staff; give each person a task with which he can succeed. Keep in mind during this process your goals to be detailed, realistic and match the values of your vision. Typically, the final step in this stage is to write a mission statement that succinctly

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MB0052-Strategic Management and Business Policy

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Master of Business Administration - MBA Semester 4

MB0052-Strategic Management and Business Policy

(Book ID: B1699)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answer all questions must be written within 300 to 400 words each. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60.

Q1. Illustrate the Strategic Management Model (SMP). Explain the levels in SMP

Strategic Management Model 4

Levels in SMP

Answer. The strategic management process means defining the organization’s strategy. It is also defined as the process by which managers make a choice of a set of strategies for the organization that will enable it to achieve better performance.

Strategic management is a continuous process that appraises the business and industries in which the organization is involved; appraises its competitors; and fixes goals to meet the entire present and future

Q2. “Business need to be planned not only for today but also for future. This implies the continuity and the need for sustainability” Enumerate.

Planning for business continuity 10

Answer. Planning for Business Continuity:-

1. Accept the potential threats and risks facing your company. The possibility of a disruption shutting down your business operations is scary to think about, but you should always be prepared and willing to accept that risks and threats can cause turmoil for your business. Once you can accept that unplanned for risks and threats can have devastating results on business operations, you can then make a plan that ensures that both your business’s assets and personnel are sufficiently protected.

Q3. Explain the following:

(a) Core competence

(b) Value chain analysis

Answer. a. A core competency is a concept in management theory introduced by, C. K. Prahalad and Gary Hamel. It can be defined as "a harmonized combination of multiple resources and skills that distinguish a firm in the marketplace".

Core competencies fulfill three criteria:-

1. Provides potential access to a wide variety of markets.

2. Should make a significant contribution to the perceived customer benefits of the end product.

3. Difficult to imitate by competitors.

For example, a company's core competencies may include precision mechanics, fine optics, and micro-

Q4. Write a brief note on Turnaround strategy.

Answer. Turnaround management is a process dedicated to corporate renewal. It uses analysis and planning to save troubled companies and returns them to solvency, and to identify the reasons for failing performance (or decreasing presence and position) in the market, and rectify them. Turnaround management involves management review, activity based costing, root failure causes analysis, and SWOT analysis to determine why the company is failing. Once analysis is completed, a long term strategic plan and restructuring plan are created. These plans may or may not involve a bankruptcy filing. Once

Q5. What is Stability Strategy? Explain the BCG (Boston Consulting Group) Portfolio Model.

Stability Strategy 5

BCG Portfolio Model

Answer. A stability strategy refers to a strategy by a company where the company stops the expenditure on expansion, in other words it refers to situation where company do not venture into new markets or introduce new products. Stability strategy is adopted by company due to following reasons -

Ø  When the company plans to consolidate its position in the industry in which company is operating.

Ø  When the economy is in recession or there is a slowdown in the economy than companies want to have more cash in their balance sheet rather than investing that cash for expansion or other such

Q6. Define the term ‘Strategic alliance’. Enumerate its characteristics and objectives.

‘Strategic alliance’ 3

Its characteristics and objectives

Answer. A strategic alliance is an agreement between two or more parties to pursue a set of agreed upon objectives needed while remaining independent organizations. This form of cooperation lies between mergers and acquisitions and organic growth. Partners may provide the strategic alliance with resources such as products, distribution channels, manufacturing capability, project funding, capital equipment, knowledge, expertise, or intellectual property.

Characteristics:-

1. Joint ventures strategic alliances.

A strategic alliance is often, but not always, in the form of a joint venture. A joint venture is created when two or more firms work together to form a new business entity that is separate from its "parents." (Not all joint ventures fit this definition; joint ventures by acquisitions are exceptions. See below.) Ownership may

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MU0011-Management and Organisational Development

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Master of Business Administration - MBA Semester 3

MU0011-Management and Organisational Development

(Book ID: B1726)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60.

Q1. Define Organizational Development (OD). What are the characteristics of OD?

Answer. Organization development (OD) is a deliberately planned effort to increase an organization's relevance and viability. Organizational Development (OD) can be described as the systematic process to change the culture, system and behavior of organization. It is process that helps in solving organizational problems and achieving organizational objectives. Organizational Development works as important mechanism that helps in impressing the organization and its

Q2. As an HR, you find that the OD professional in your organization is not competent enough. What are the competencies you will consider in a good OD professional?

Answer. To be effective, all OD practitioners must possess the following basic knowledge, skills and attitudes which are listed below:

1. Intrapersonal skills: As OD is a highly, uncertain process which requires constant adjustment and innovation, OD practitioner must possess good learning skills and must have values, feelings, purposes and integrity that helps in building the relationships in a smooth and cordial way.

2. Interpersonal skills: An OD practitioner helps to gain the competence which is required to solve problems. So, in order to build and maintain the relationships the OD practitioner must consider

Q3. What are the ethical dilemmas in practicing OD?

Answer. An ethical dilemma is typically described as a complex situation that involves a conflict between different morals. Ethical dilemmas are commonly found in medicine. For example, deciding whether or not to install a feeding tube on a comatose patient could constitute an ethical dilemma. There are three conditions that must be present for a situation to be considered an ethical dilemma. The first condition occurs in situations when an individual, called the “agent,” must make a decision about which course of action is best. Situations that are uncomfortable but

Q4. What is Performance Appraisal? What are the purposes and characteristics of Performance Appraisal? Describe the steps in Performance Appraisal System.

Answer. Performance Appraisal is the systematic evaluation of the performance of employees and to understand the abilities of a person for further growth and development. Performance appraisal is generally done in systematic ways which are as follows:

Ø  The supervisors measure the pay of employees and compare it with targets and plans.

Ø  The supervisor analyses the factors behind work performances of employees.

Ø  The employers are in position to guide the employees for a better performance.

Q5. What is a Learning Organization? Discuss the attributes of a learning organization. Explain the various learning disciplines in learning organization.

Answer. Definition of a Learning organization: - An organisation that learns and encourages learning among its people. It promotes exchange of information between employees hence creating a more knowledgeable workforce. This produces a very flexible organisation where people will accept and adapt to new ideas and changes through a shared vision

Organization that acquires knowledge and innovates fast enough to survive and thrive in a rapidly changing environment. Learning organizations

(1) Create a culture that encourages and supports continuous employee learning, critical thinking,

Q6. Write short notes:

a) Role Analysis Technique (RAT)

b) Reward Systems

Answer. a. Meaning and steps in RAT

It is designed to clarify role expectation. Role Analysis Techniques (RAT) has been developed by Dayal (1969) for redefining the managerial roles in an organisation.

• Role analysis is used to clarify the role discrepancies, which boss and subordinates may have about each other, leading to improved group cohesiveness and functioning.

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MU0010-Manpower Planning and Resourcing

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Master of Business Administration - MBA Semester 3

MU0010-Manpower Planning and Resourcing

(Book ID: B1765)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60.

Q1. Define the term ‘manpower planning’. Describe the various stages & obstacles involved in Manpower Planning.

Answer. Manpower Planning which is also called as Human Resource Planning consists of putting right number of people, right kind of people at the right place, right time, doing the right things for which they are suited for the achievement of goals of the organization. Human Resource Planning has got an important place in the arena of industrialization. Human Resource Planning has to be a systems approach and is carried out in a set procedure. The procedure is as follows:

Ø  Analyzing the current manpower inventory

Q2. What do you mean by Human Resource Accounting (HRA)? Discuss the objectives and advantages of HRA.

Answer. Meaning:

Human resources are considered as important assets and are different from the physical assets. Physi­cal assets do not have feelings and emotions, whereas human assets are subjected to various types of feelings and emotions. In the same way, unlike physical assets human assets never get depreciated.

Therefore, the valuations of human resources along with other assets are also required in order to

Q3. Explain the Selection process undertaken by an organization.

Answer. The selection procedure is the system of functions and devices adopted in a given company to ascertain whether the candidates specifications are matched with the job specifications and requirements. The selection procedure cannot be effective until and unless,

1. Requirement of the job to be filled, have been clearly specified

2. Employee specifications (physical, mental, social, and behavioral, etc) have been clearly

Q4. Discuss in details the Employee Exit Process

Answer. General Process of Employee Exit

Ø  A four-phase process is recommended to complete proper closure for employees:

Ø  Begin transfer of employee knowledge

Ø  Complete operational responsibilities

Ø  Document the employee’s key impressions of their employment experience

Ø  Conduct a proper Employee Exit Interview to satisfy closure issues

Model of four-phase process

Knowledge Transfer Questions (“setting stage for transition”) - An overlooked component of employee exits is using a knowledge management tool – a way to capture crucial knowledge from

Q5. As an HR, you are asked to focus on the Talent Development Process in your organization. How would you define Talent Development? Explain the necessity of Talent Development from an HR perspective. Explain the model for achieving excellence in Talent Development.

Answer. Talent Development

Talent development is an important part of HR. The process involves changing an organization, its employees and its stakeholders. This process is accomplished using planned and unplanned learning, in order to achieve and maintain a competitive advantage for the organization.

Necessity of Talent Development

Talent development is necessary in any organization because of the following:

• This is the only way of improving employee’s productivity through automated and integrated learning management, performance management, and compensation management systems to

Q6. Write short notes on the following:

a) Recruitment

b) Succession Planning

Answer. a. Recruitment

William F Glueck – Recruitment is a set of activities and organization uses it to attract potential job candidates possessing appropriate characteristics to help the organization reach its objectives. Byars & Rue – Recruitment Involves seeking & attracting a pool of people from which qualified candidates for job vacancies can be chosen. Recruitment of applicants is a function that comes before selection. It helps to create a list of prospective employees for the organization so that the

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