OM0018–Technology Management

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Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 4

OM0018–Technology Management-4 Credits

(Book ID: B1979)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answer all questions must be written within 300 to 400 words each. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60.

Q1. What are the usual sources of economic progress in a country?

Answer. Enhanced Capital Allowances (ECAs) are a straight forward way for a business to improve its cash flow through accelerated tax relief. The scheme is used to encourage businesses to invest in energy saving technologies. In order to claim ECA, energy efficient or energy saving products are required to be member of the Energy Technology List.

Q2. a. State the relationship between management paradigms and technology.

b. What are the changing trends in a technology industry?

Q3. The process of Strategic planning covers multiple factors. Explain all of those factors.

Q4. a. Define Technology Development

b. Delineate the phases of its process.

Answer. a. Strictly speaking a technological development is, quite simply, a development (improvement, alteration) of a technology. It doesn't need to change peoples' lives and doesn't even need to be put into service.

In engineering it's common to go through number stages of development before the final variation is decided upon and cleared for production and sale: but the fact remains that each stage from start to finish is a development.

Q5. a. Explain the emerging trends in infrastructure and facilities sector.

b. Explain the advantage of implementing technology in infrastructure development.

Answer. a. Speeding Infra Spending

The government has initiated innumerable initiatives to lift the sector from its current dormant conditions. The measures include authorizing the Indian Infrastructure Finance Company Limited (IIFCL) to raise Rs.100 billion by issuing of tax free bonds to make highways and port projects funding worth Rs. 250 billion available to the sector. In order to finance projects worth Rs. 750 billion over the next 18 months, the IIFCL has

Q6. Write short note on

a. Technological Impact on Education

b. Technological Impact on Communication and Transportation

Answer. a. Technological Impact on Education

Research

If a school's library is outdated or lacking in a selection of titles, a student might find it difficult to compile the necessary research for an essay or research paper. As long as the school has a computer lab, students are able to use the Internet and digital encyclopedias to obtain the research they need. While students should be wary of the legitimacy of some of the content they read online, many schools use software like the Encyclopedia Britannica to help students do research.

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OM0017–Advanced Production and Planning Control

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Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 4

OM0017–Advanced Production and Planning Control-4 Credits

(Book ID: B2010)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answer all questions must be written within 300 to 400 words each. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60.

Q1. Explain the flow of information in a production process.

Answer. A work center is a production facility comprising of one or more machines and one or more workmen considered as a single unit for purposes of estimation of capacity. This unit may have a single operation or a number of them conducted on the input items. In the pipeline of production, each work center’s contribution is vital as materials are scheduled, routed and loads to be sent to it.

Q2. What are the various techniques of costing?

Answer: 1. Marginal Costing

Marginal costing is a technique of costing in which allocation of expenditure to production is restricted to those expenses which arise as a result of production, e.g., materials, labor, direct expenses and variable overheads. Fixed overheads are excluded in cases where production varies because it may give misleading results. The technique is useful in manufacturing industries with varying levels of output.

Q3. Explain any TEN features of the Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS) system.

Answer. Advanced planning and scheduling (APS, also known as advanced manufacturing) refers to a manufacturing management process by which raw materials and production capacity are optimally allocated to meet demand. APS is especially well-suited to environments where simpler planning methods

Q4. What are the rules for scheduling Kanban production?

Answer:  The most common form of Kanban is a card with data printed on it. The card can vary in shape, size and content, and it’s sometimes replaced by other devices, such as golf balls. Over the years, the Kanban concept has developed into more modern forms like e-mails, sensors, electronic dashboards and

Q5. What are factors must be considered while implementing a production planning and control system?

Answer: There are many factors in an application implementation-related project that over time have proved to be key contributors to the success of such projects.  This includes items that may seem obvious, such as solid testing, communication, and involvement by key staff members, but these are often underutilized in favor of saving time.  When projects skimp on these key items, it is likely to result in:-

1. Delays in meeting project dates,

2. Disagreements on what the project is expected to deliver,

Q6. Mention the reasons why manufacturing organizations choose Excel and Visual Basic prototype as planning and scheduling tools.

Answer. Using Excel for Bill of Materials (BOM) Management

Most small and mid-size businesses (SMBs) start with their product bill of materials (BOM) in Excel spreadsheets — why should you be any different? Excel is a well-known, flexible application that everyone has — It is easy and it is essentially free. Small companies can make it through the first release of a new product just fine using Excel to manage product data.

But when companies release more products, grow internally or add more manufacturing and outsourcing partners, the act of managing an Excel bill of materials becomes much bigger and more complex. Those

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OM0016–Quality Management

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Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 4

OM0016–Quality Management-4 Credits

(Book ID: B2009)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answer all questions must be written within 300 to 400 words each. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60.

Q1. Explain the elements of ISO 9000.

Answer. 1. Management Responsibility

Top Management is required to:

·         Develop a Quality Policy reflecting the organization's attitude to quality and ensure it is communicated throughout the organization.

·         Allocate appropriate resources and trained personnel to perform the work.

·         Appoint a management representative to monitor the Quality System.

·         Conduct regular management reviews to ensure the health of the quality system.

Q2. Explain the forces of change that affect organizations.

Q3. What are the dimensions of service quality?

Q4. What are the major differences between Total Quality Management (TQM) and Six Sigma? Explain the steps involved in identifying customer requirements for product development.

Answer. TQM, total quality management, and Six Sigma are time tested tools to enhance quality of products as well as services. While there are numerous similarities, the subtleties within these systems are different. Traditionally, these systems have been utilized by large corporations.

Six Sigma and TQM are both quality-improvement systems and attempt to reduce defective products or poor service in an organization, while improving customer satisfaction. Both approaches first and foremost attempt to identify the fundamental sources of defects and provide lasting cures that will permanently enhance quality.

Q5. What is Poka-Yoke? Explain its different levels.

Answer. Poka-yoke is a technique for avoiding simple human error in the workplace. Also known as mistake-proofing, goof-proofing, and fail-safe work methods, poka-yoke is simply a system designed to prevent inadvertent errors made by workers performing a process. The idea is to take over repetitive tasks that rely on memory or vigilance and guard against any lapses in focus. Poka-yoke can be seen as one of the three common components of Zero Defect Quality Control

-yoke is to obtain willing customer participation.

Q6.  Explain the concept of Knowledge Support System (KSS). Explain its types.

Answer.  Knowledge management systems refer to any kind of IT system that stores and retrieves knowledge, improves collaboration, locates knowledge sources, mines repositories for hidden knowledge, captures and uses knowledge, or in some other way enhances the KM process. If my explanation above makes the definition of these systems seem vague, that is because there is no consensus as to what constitutes a knowledge management system, much like there is no consensus regarding KM. Furthermore, since KM is involved in all areas of the firm, drawing a line is very difficult.

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OM0015–Maintenance Management

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Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 4

OM0015–Maintenance Management-4 Credits

(Book ID: B2008)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answer all questions must be written within 300 to 400 words each. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60.

Q1. Explain the concept of maintenance objectives and describe the primary maintenance objectives.

Answer. Maintenance is an important factor in quality assurance, which is another basis for the successful competitive edge. Inconsistencies in equipments lead to variability in product characteristics and result in defective parts that fail to meet the established specifications. Beyond just preventing break downs, it is necessary to keep equipments operating within specifications (i.e. process capability) that will produce high level of quality.

Q2. Suppose you are appointed as a maintenance manager in a manufacturing organization. What functions you need to perform for organizing maintenance activities?

Q3. What are the complex maintenance activities performed by expert systems?

Q4. Explain the process of maintenance benchmarking.

Answer. Companies use benchmarking as a way to compare key metrics to other businesses in the industry. This allows companies to see how well they are performing and identify ways they can become more competitive in the industry. Benchmarking is the practice of a business comparing key metrics of their operations to other similar companies.

Q5. Suppose you are the head of the maintenance department of your organization which preventive maintenance tasks would you perform.

Answer. Here is the five step preventative maintenance program West Bend uses to ensure everything is working at an optimal level. These same steps can easily be adapted to fit the needs of any sized home or business.

1. Identify Equipment Requiring Preventative Maintenance

The first step in an effective preventative maintenance program is identifying the equipment being used by your facility. Every organization is going to rely on different mechanical systems, which means a one-size-fits-all approach isn’t going to work.

Q6. Answer the following questions:

1. List the objectives of maintenance audit.

2. State the functions of a maintenance auditor in an organisation.

3. Explain the two types of issues which are to be resolved in action after audit.

Answer. 1. Objectives are:

1. To leverage your labor resource (get more work accomplished with fewer people).

2. To establish an approach that over the long term will reduce reactive maintenance.

3. To minimize the chaos and efficiency losses resulting from disconnects with the production schedule, priority changes, emergency work, and unanticipated part outages.

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OM0013–Advanced Production and Operations Management

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Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 3

OM0013–Advanced Production and Operations Management-4 Credits

(Book ID: B1935)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answer all questions must be written within 300 to 400 words each. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60

Q1. Explain the methods that are used by an organisation to improve its productivity.

Answer. A few factors that can help to improve the employee productivity at the workplace are:

1. Accountability

Every employee needs to be well aware that he is accountable for his actions and decisions, and he can neither pass the buck nor pass the blame to someone else.

·         This will help him work more meticulously,

·         Take cautious rather than reckless decisions, and not take advantage of his place, position or relationship with his superiors.

Q2. Write short notes on Line of Balance (LOB) technique.

Q3. Answer the following questions:

a. Explain the role of the government in deciding and selecting a plant location.

b. Explain the process of aggregate planning

Answer. a. Plant location decisions need detailed analysis because:

Q4. What are the factors an organization considers while selecting material handling equipment?

Q5. Explain the steps in ISO 9000 registration and list any 4 advantages of ISO 9000 series.

Answer. These steps are a good guide for establishing a timeline, schedule, and potential costs for the process of becoming ISO 9000 certified.

1. Get top management commitment

·         Top management considers ISO 9000 registration

·         Quality steering committee meets to evaluate process

·         Committee informs top management of ISO 9000 costs, schedule, etc.

·         Top management commits to pursue ISO 9000 registration

Q6. Write short notes:

Value Stream Mapping (VSM)

Advantages of VSM

Steps the organization performs to create VSM)

Answer. Value stream mapping is a lean-management method for analyzing the current state and designing a future state for the series of events that take a product or service from its beginning through to the customer. At Toyota, it is known as "material and information flow mapping". It can be applied to nearly any value chain. Value stream mapping has supporting methods that are often used in Lean environments to analyze and design flows at the system level (across multiple processes).

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OM0012–Supply Chain Management

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Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 3

OM0012–Supply Chain Management-4 Credits

(Book ID: B1542)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answer all questions must be written within 300 to 400 words each. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60

Q1. Write short notes on:

·         Intermodal transportation

·         Capacitated plant location model

·         Bulk shipments

·         Purchasing strategies

Answer. 1. Intermodal freight transport involves the transportation of freight in an intermodal container or vehicle, using multiple modes of transportation (rail, ship, and truck), without any handling of the freight itself when changing modes. The method reduces cargo handling, and so improves security, reduces damage and loss, and allows freight to be transported faster. Reduced costs over road trucking are the key benefit for intercontinental use. This may be offset by reduced timings for road transport over shorter distances.

Q2. Discuss the steps involved in the measurement of supplier performance.

Q3. Write short notes on:

·         Lead time reduction

·         Cross docking

·         Distributor integration

·         e-sourcing

Q4. What are the issues faced in global supply chain?

Answer. The five issues cited by The Chief Supply Chain Officer Report 2013 were:-

●The need to continue to reduce costs while improving customer service and supporting expansion in new markets and product lines. Some 68 per cent of respondents said operating cost reduction is “very important”, compared with 64 per cent in 2012.

Q5. What is standardization? Explain the four approaches to standardization?

Answer. Standardization is the process of developing and implementing technical standards. Standardization can help to maximize compatibility, interoperability, safety, repeatability, or quality. It can also facilitate commoditization of formerly custom processes. In social sciences, including economics, the idea of standardization is close to the solution for a coordination problem, a situation in which all parties

Q6. Discuss the impacts of e-commerce on SCM.

Answer. E-commerce impacts supply chain management in a variety of key ways. These include:

Cost efficiency:

E-commerce allows transportation companies of all sizes to exchange cargo documents electronically over the Internet. E-commerce enables shippers, freight forwarders and trucking firms to streamline document handling without the monetary and time investment required by the traditional document delivery systems.

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OM0011–Enterprise Resource Planning

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Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 3

OM0011–Enterprise Resource Planning-4 Credits

(Book ID: B1964)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answer all questions must be written within 300 to 400 words each. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60

Q1. a. Explain the different types of business processes.

b. What are the different components of an information system?

Answer. a. There are three types of business processes:

1. Management processes, the processes that govern the operation of a system. Typical management processes include "corporate governance" and "strategic management".

2. Operational processes, processes that constitute the core business and create the primary value stream. For example, taking orders from customers, and opening an account in a bank branch.

3. Supporting processes, which support the core processes. Examples include Health & Safety, accounting, recruitment, call center, technical support.

Q2. Write short notes on:

a. Customer relationship management

b. Data warehousing

c. Data Mining

d. OLAP

Q3. Elaborate the different modules under manufacturing and production planning.

Q4. Discuss the various terminologies of ERP purchase system.

Answer: ERP is short for enterprise resource planning.

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is business process management software that allows an organization to use a system of integrated applications to manage the business and automate many back office functions related to technology, services and human resources. ERP software integrates all facets of an

Q5. CRM is a powerful tool used by an organization to acquire new customers and retain the existing ones. Explain various types of CRM.

Answer: Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

Customer Relationship Management, better known as CRM, is a broad term that covers concepts used by companies to manage their relationships with customers, which may include attracting the customer, analyzing the customer, and satisfying the customer. CRM is not simply advanced technology; it is a

Q6.  a. Explain main application suite provided by JD Edwards World Solutions Company.

b. Explain the different modules under MFG/PRO application.

Answer. a. JD Edwards Enterprise One is an integrated applications suite of  ERP software that combines business value, standards-based technology, and deep industry experience into a business solution with a low total cost of ownership (TCO). JD Edwards is unique from the perspective that it offers you:-

- Choice of databases, operating systems, and hardware so you can build and expand your IT solution to meet your business requirements

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OM0010–Operations Management

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Master of Business Administration- MBA Semester 3

OM0010–Operations Management-4 Credits

(Book ID: B1934)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answer all questions must be written within 300 to 400 words each. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60

Q1. Define operations strategy. What are the differences between manufacturing and service organisations in terms of operations strategy?

Answer. Operations strategy is the collective concrete actions chosen, mandated, or stimulated by corporate strategy. It is, of course, implemented within the operations function. A plan of action implemented by a firm that describes how they will employ their resources in the production of a product or service. An operational strategy is a necessary element for a business and supports the firm's corporate strategy. This operations strategy binds the various operations decisions and actions into a cohesive consistent response to competitive forces by linking firm policies, programs, systems, and actions into a systematic response to the competitive priorities chosen and communicated by the corporate or business strategy. In simpler terms, the operations strategy specifies how the firm will employ its operations capabilities to support the business strategy.

Q2. Explain the characteristics of services.

Q3. What is inventory control? Explain the factors considered in inventory control.

Q4. Explain the applications of queuing models

Q5. Write short notes on Markov analysis.

Answer. Markov Analysis

Markov analysis provides a means of analysing the reliability and availability of systems whose components exhibit strong dependencies. Other systems analysis methods (such as the Kinetic Tree Theory method employed in fault tree analyses) generally assume component independence that may lead to optimistic predictions for the system availability and reliability parameters. Some typical dependencies that can be handled using Markov models are:-

·         Components in cold or warm standby

·         Common maintenance personnel

·         Common shares with a limited on-site stock.

uture organizational pattern of the firms.

Q6. Describe the various types of decision making models.

Answer. Decision making models fall into these general categories: rational, intuitive, administrative and political. These two broad categories provide variations to arrive at a decision in any situation. The rational decision making model includes the Vroom-Jago system and a seven-step process. Recognition-primed decision making models are considered intuitive methods. Managers and leaders often combine rational and intuitive models when faced with a problem or opportunity.

Rational decision making models employ a structured approach that is orderly and logical. A sequence of steps starts with identifying the problem or situation at hand, followed by compiling all the facts and

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MU0013–HR Audit

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Master of Business Administration - MBA Semester 3

MU0013–HR Audit-4 Credits

(Book ID: B1735)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60.

Q1. Define Human Resource (HR) Audit. Explain the need for HR Audit. What are the benefits of HR Audit?

Answer. It is mechanism to review the current HR policies, practices and systems to ensure that they fulfill the rules and regulations. The audit also helps in identifying the areas of improvement in the HR function. Nowadays, the audit is done regularly in the organizations.

The HR audit covers various functions of HR like Recruitment, Compensation & Benefits, Performance evaluation, Termination Process and exit interviews etc.

Q2. Write short notes on the following:

(i) Audit for HR Planning

(ii) Audit for Industrial Relations.

Answer. (i) The purpose of a Human Resources audit for planning is to assess the effectiveness of the Human Resources function and to ensure regulatory compliance. The audit can be conducted by anyone with sufficient Human Resources experience. Having experience working in more than one company is a plus, as it provides the auditor with a broader perspective. There's an advantage to having the audit conducted by an external consultant. Because the external consultant has fewer

Q3. What is HR Scorecard? Explain the reasons for designing & implementing HR Scorecard framework.

Q4. What is meant by ‘Competency mapping’? Explain the various competencies and the associated behavioral aspects.

Q5. Write a brief note on effectiveness of Human Resource Development Audit as an intervention.

Answer. Understanding Organizational Performance and Management

Organizational change should not be conducted for the sake of change. Organizational change efforts should be geared to improve the performance of organizations and the people in those organizations. Therefore, it‘s useful to have some understanding of what is meant by ―performance‖ and the various methods to manage performance in organizations.

Q6. Describe the rationale behind human resource valuation and auditing.

Answer. Human resource valuation:

Assigning value to employees on the basis of their future economic services to the organization. Employees are valued at the present worth of the services they are expected to render during their stay for a particular period.

Valuation of Human Resources has led to two important questions:-

1) How to assess the value of human capital in addition to an enterprise's tangible assets and

2) How to improve the development of human capital in enterprises.

The emergence of methods for accounting human resources aimed at measuring, developing and managing the human capital in an enterprise, can thus be said to reflect the need for improving, measuring and accounting practices as well as human resource management. The accounting of human resources can be seen as just as much a question of philosophy as that of technique. This i

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MU0012–Employee Relations Management

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Master of Business Administration - MBA Semester 3

MU0012–Employee Relations Management-4 Credits

(Book ID: B1734)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60.

Q1. Employee relations management (ERM) is all about management of relationship with employees in an organization. Explain the features and importance of this ERM.

Answer. Employee relationship management system (ERM) is an information system that supports the relationship between a company and its employees.

The components of an employee relationship management system are multiple, and, as in the customer relationship management achieve the goal of assisting the employees in the whole life cycle of her/his activity in and for the company. In employee relationship management

Q2. What are the various types of communication? Explain the importance of organizational communication. What are the methods to improve communication?

Q3. Human Resource Information System (HRIS) helps organizations to carry out their HR administrative functions in an effective manner. What are the important features that make a good HRIS? Mention some common applications of HRIS.

Answer. A human resources information system (HRIS) is a software package developed to aid human resources (HR) professionals to manage data. Human resource professionals utilize these systems to facilitate work flow, improve efficiency and store and collect information. Several companies offer HRIS packages to employers. HRIS packages can be customized to the specific needs and requirements of the employer.

HRIS core offering includes a database to store employee information. HR professionals can input all personnel data into the system, which can be accessed from anywhere, around the clock. Types of data that HR professionals collect in the database include compensation history,

Q4. What are the objectives of organizational discipline? List the types of disciplinary problems. Explain the steps of disciplinary procedures commonly followed in many organizations.

Answer. Following are some of the purposes and objectives of disciplinary action:

Ø  To enforce rules and regulations.

Ø  To punish the offender.

Ø  To

Q5. What is trade union and what are its objectives? Describe trade unions in India.

Answer. A trade union may be: (a) Accompany union that represents interests of only one company and may not have any connection with other unions. Also called house union, a company union is often a bogus one and generally illegal. (b) A general union that represents workers from several companies in the same industry. Also called industrial union. (c) A craft union that represents

Q6. Write a brief note on the following Acts:

(i) Factories Act, 1948

(ii) Industrial Disputes Act, 1947

Answer. (i) Factories Act, 1948:

This regulates health, safety, welfare and other working conditions of workers in factories and it is enforced by the State Governments through factory inspectorates. The Act is applicable to all factories including government factories using power and employing 10 or more workers and 20 in the case of factories not using power on any day of the preceding 12 months.

Health measures – Every factory- shall be kept clean and free from effluvia arising from any drain, privy or other nuisance and in particular accumulations of dirt –  Shall arrange for waste treatment and effluents generated during manufacturing, provide adequate ventilation, lighting

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MU0011–Management and Organisational Development

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Master of Business Administration - MBA Semester 3

MU0011–Management and Organisational Development-4 Credits

(Book ID: B1726)

Assignment (60 Marks)

Note: Answers for 10 marks questions should be approximately of 400 words. Each question is followed by evaluation scheme. Each Question carries 10 marks 6 X 10=60.

Q1. Define organizational development. What are the assumptions of Organizational Development?

Answer. Organization development (OD) is a deliberately planned effort to increase an organization's relevance and viability. Organizational Development (OD) can be described as the systematic process to change the culture, system and behavior of organization. It is process that helps in solving organizational problems and achieving organizational objectives. Organizational Development works as important mechanism that helps in impressing the organization and its employee

Q2. Describe the following theories of planned change: ‘Lewin’s change model’ and ‘Action research model’.

Answer. The concept of "change management" is a familiar one in most businesses today. But, how businesses manage change (and how successful they are at it) varies enormously depending on the nature of the business, the change and the people involved. And a key part of this depends on how far people within it understand the change process.

Lewin's Model Steps:

Unfreeze

1. Determine what needs to change.

Ø  Survey the organization to understand the current state.

Q3. Describe the components of OD programs and the OD program phase.

Answer. OD programs help organizations run better by addressing the needs of their most precious asset: human capital. OD practitioners bring behavioral science into the boardroom, the conference room and the cubicle.  We address issues of motivation, acknowledgement, appreciation, return on involvement and talent management.

The goal is to engage employees and develop their talents, while positively impacting essential business processes and the bottom line. They look to provide a forum to discuss OD issues and challenges, new thought leadership, and trends in the field and help our membership to stay well-informed and well-

.

Q4. What are the ethical dilemmas in practicing OD?

Answer. An ethical dilemma is typically described as a complex situation that involves a conflict between different morals. Ethical dilemmas are commonly found in medicine. For example, deciding whether or not to install a feeding tube on a comatose patient could constitute an ethical dilemma. There are three conditions that must be present for a situation to be considered an ethical dilemma. The first condition occurs in situations when an individual, called the “agent,” must make a decision about which course of action is best. Situations that are uncomfortable but that don’t require a choice are not ethical dilemmas.

The role conflict and ambiguity may produce different types of ethical dilemmas in O. D. practice stemming from the actions of either the consultant or client or both:-

Q5. Define the term downsizing. List the types of downsizing. Explain the significance, misconceptions and effects of downsizing.

Answer. Downsizing:

Significance:

The downsizing merits scholarly attention for several reasons. The first is the implications of administrative license downsizing on promoting private sector activity which has the potential of significantly contributing to economic growth and social stability. An increase in business is conducive to job creation. A study of 80 countries concluded that from 1984 to 1998, private firms created 4 – 80 times as many jobs as public sector firms.

Q6. Organizational learning is an area of knowledge within organizational theory that studies models and theories about the way an organization learns and adapts. Describe the seven steps of initiating such ‘organizational learning’.

Answer. Steps:

Establish an integrated solutions team - The trend today, given the statutory, policy, and regulatory mandates discussed in the introduction, is that acquisitions are conducted by teams of people, working cooperatively toward a common goal. This is the model used by leading or breakthrough organizations, which have come to recognize the limitations of clearly defined roles,

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